PIPING WITH A STAR NOZZLE:
Star: With the nozzle held up rite and just above surface, squeeze and lift slightly, keeping the tip in the icing. Stop pressure; pull away.
Rosettes: Position nozzle as for stars, but as you squeeze, move nozzle in a circle, enclosing the middle. Stop pressure; pull away sharply.
Shells: With nozzle held at 45 and touching surface squeeze; lift slightly as icing fans out. Stop pressure and pull to right to form a point.
PIPING WITH A PLAIN NOZZLE
Dots: With the nozzle held upright and toughing the surface, squeeze to form a dot, and lift slightly, keeping the tip in icing. Stop pressure; pull nozzle away.
Beads: With the nozzle held at 45, follow technique for shells, a lightly overlapping bead by starting each bead on the point of the preceding one.
Writing: Use slightly thinned icing that will flow smoothly. Holding nozzle at 45 and touching surface at the start to secure the icing, squeeze lightly, then lift nozzle away as you begin to form letters. Use even pressure and guide piping bag with entire arm. Stop pressure and lower nozzle to surface, 1 cm (1/2in) before end of last letter.
PIPING WITH A PETAL NOZZLE
Scallop edge: With nozzle at 45, touch surface at wide end of opening but keep narrow end slightly lifted; squeeze gently, moving in a series of curves.
Scalloped ribbon edge: Position the nozzle as for a scallop edge, but as you complete each curve, move the nozzle up and down in three short strokes.
Bow: Work with bag pointing towards you. With nozzle held at 45 and touching surface at wide end of opening, hold bag so the opening is vertical. Squeeze and make a loop to left, then stop pressure as you cross-starting point. Repeat to make a loop to right of starting point, then make two steamers from the center point.